This second part of a two-volume set continues to describe economists' efforts to quantify the social decisions people necessarily make and the philosophies that those choices define. Contributors draw on lessons from philosophy, history, and other disciplines, but they ultimately use editor Kenneth Arrow's seminal work on social choice as a jumping-off point for discussing ways to incentivize, punish, and distribute goods. It advances economists' understanding of recent advances in social choice and welfare. It distills and applies research to a wide range of social issues. It provides analytical material for evaluating new scholarship. It offers consolidated reviews and analyses of scholarship in a framework that encourages synthesis.